Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
Overview
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), sometimes known as Hughes syndrome, is a disorder of the immune system that causes an increased risk of blood clots.
Symptoms
Blood clots: DVT, stroke/TIA, heart attacks, pulmonary embolism. Pregnancy complications: recurrent miscarriages, premature birth. Other: fatigue, livedo reticularis rash, high blood pressure, numbness, low platelets.
Causes
APS is an autoimmune condition. This means the immune system, which usually protects the body from infection and illness, attacks healthy tissue by mistake. In APS, the immune system produces abnormal antibodies called antiphospholipid antibodies. These target proteins attached to fat molecules (phospholipids), which makes the blood more likely to clot. It's not known what causes the immune system to produce abnormal antibodies. As with other autoimmune conditions, genetic, hormonal and environmental factors are thought to play a part. Find out more about the causes of APS
Treatment
No cure. Anticoagulants (warfarin) for those with clot history. Antiplatelets (aspirin) for those with antibodies but no clots. During pregnancy: aspirin and heparin injections. Lifestyle changes important.
Prevention
Cannot prevent the condition. Focus on preventing complications through medication, healthy lifestyle (quit smoking, exercise, healthy diet, maintain weight), and early diagnosis.
When to see a doctor
See GP if: unexplained blood clots, recurrent miscarriages, family history of APS. Consult specialist before pregnancy if diagnosed.