Depression
Overview
Depression is a low mood that can last a long time or keep returning, affecting your everyday life.
Symptoms
Persistent sadness; hopelessness; loss of interest in activities; low energy/fatigue; sleep problems; appetite changes; feelings of worthlessness/guilt; difficulty concentrating; thoughts of death or suicide; unexplained physical problems (back pain, headaches). Symptoms most of day, every day.
Causes
No single cause - combination of factors. Biological brain changes; neurotransmitter imbalances (serotonin); genetics/family history; traumatic/stressful life events; personality traits; long-term/serious illness; alcohol/drug use.
Treatment
Medications: antidepressants (SSRIs, TCAs). Psychotherapy: CBT; interpersonal therapy. Combination often most effective. Severe cases: brain stimulation therapies (ECT, TMS); hospital admission if at risk of harming self.
Prevention
Maintain nutritious diet; regular exercise (20-30 min daily); 7-8 hours sleep; keep thoughts balanced; control stress; reach out to family/friends; avoid alcohol and drugs.
When to see a doctor
See GP if: symptoms most of day every day for 2+ weeks; mood affects work/relationships/daily life; thoughts of self-harm or suicide (seek immediate help).